Pooled Results

Cumulative incidence of stunting from birth to 24 months

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of severe stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father height

reference level: <=168

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Appendix 1 - Relative Risk Forest Plots

Cumulative incidence of stunting from birth to 24 months

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of severe stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father height

reference level: <=168

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Appendix 2 - Population Attributable Risk Forest Plots

Cumulative incidence of stunting from birth to 24 months

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of severe stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father height

reference level: <=168

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Appendix 3 - Population Attributable Fraction Forest Plots

Cumulative incidence of stunting from birth to 24 months

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of severe stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father’s education

reference level: Q1

Point prevalence of stunting

Child characteristics

Birth length

reference level: <=46.8

Birthweight

reference level: <=2600

Calendar month of birth

reference level: 1

Calendar month of measurement

reference level: 1

Child delivered at home

reference level: 0

Child’s sex

reference level: NA

Stunted at enrollment

reference level: 0

Vaginal delivery

reference level: 0

Household characteristics

Asset based wealth index

reference level: Wealth Q1

nchldlt5

reference level: 1

nhh

reference level: 3 or less

Number of rooms in household

reference level: 1

USAID Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) category

reference level: Food Secure

Maternal characteristics

Gestational age at birth

reference level: <=266

Maternal age

reference level: <=20

Maternal BMI

reference level: <=18.7

Maternal height

reference level: <=149.6

Maternal parity

reference level: 1

Maternal weight

reference level: <=42.4

Mother is unmarried

reference level: 0

Mother’s education

reference level: Q1

Paternal characteristics

Father age

reference level: <=24

Father height

reference level: <=168

Father’s education

reference level: Q1